hongcirecde: life quotes and sayings to live by 01

Sunday, January 22, 2012

life quotes and sayings to live by 01

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Anti-Turkism does not only refer to intolerance against the Turks of Turkey, but also against the Turkic-speaking post-Soviet states, including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as against the Turkic-speaking minorities in Armenia, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Iran, Iraq, Germany, Greece, Moldova, Netherlands, Russia, Ukraine and the autonomous Xinjiang Uyghur region of China. The non-Turkic Balkan Muslims, particularly Bosniaks and Macedonian Muslims, are occasional victims of anti-Turkism as well. It can also refer to racism against ethnic Turks living outside of Turkey in the Turkish diaspora.

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The earliest evidence of anti-Turkism in Europe originated in 1453/54 in the form of lithurgical masses against Turks, missa contra Turcos in Latin. By 1870, the anti-Turk phenomenon is defined by the term Turcophobia. Turcophobia is traced to the fall of Constantinople and the Turkish Wars of the Late Middle Ages, viz. the attempts of Western Christianity to stem the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. By the middle of the 15th century special masses called missa contra turcas (translated as "mass against Turks") were celebrated in various places in Europe, the message of these masses was that victory over the Turks was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the cruelty of the Turks.